Table 4.
Quality assessment of the included studies using the QUIPS tool
| Study | Study participation | Study attrition | Prognostic factor measurement | Study confounding | Outcome measurement | Statistical analysis and reporting | Overall assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kalcik et al. (2015) | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Siedlecki et al. (2019) | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Mongirdienė et al. (2021) | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Kandis et al. (2011) | Moderate risk | Low risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Pachon et al. (2020) | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Andrei et al. (2022) | Moderate risk | Low risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Sato et al. (2022) | Moderate risk | Low risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Sato et al. (2022) | Moderate risk | Low risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Dahlen et al. (2021) | Moderate risk | Low risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Marques et al. (2023) | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | moderate risk | Low risk | Moderate risk | Low risk |
| Zhang et al. (2019) | Low risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Kaya et al. (2017) | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Marques et al. (2023) | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Menghoum et al. (2023) | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Angkananard et al. (2021) | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Shore et al. (2012) | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Jacob et al. (2011) | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Hammadah et al. (2015) | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Lelli et al. (2022) | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Catana et al. (2024) | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Catana et al. (2023) | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |