Fig. 5.

Figure for our simulation designs. Notations ${\mu }_{mi}$ , ${\sigma }_{mi}$ , and ${\rho }_i$ in the figure denote ${\mu }_m\left(z_i,x_i,v\right)$, ${\sigma }_m\left(z_i,x_i,v\right)$, and $\rho \left(z_i,x_i,v\right),$ respectively. Regions with blue exhibit individual differences in means, variances, or correlations, but correlations do not depend on $x_i$. Regions with red indicate the existence of the covariate effect of $x_i$ in correlations when $\kappa \ne 0$ regardless of the mean or variance structures. All remaining regions on the cortical surface are set as null regions with ${\mu }_{mi}=0,{\sigma }_{mi}=1$ , and ${\rho }_i=0$ .