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. 2025 Sep 22;25:331. doi: 10.1186/s12906-025-05083-7

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — SEM of T. spiralis ML collected from infected non-treated (Group III) and therapeutically-treated mice (Group V): (A–B) ML retrieved from infected non-treated mice (Group III); (A) Normal ML showing idiosyncratic coiling of anteriorly tapered body and evident hypodermal gland openings (x500); (B) mid body showing shallow longitudinal groove perpendicular to the annulated cuticle (x4000). (C–E) ML collected from CWP-treated mice (Subgroup Va); (C) uncoiled ML with widened hypodermal gland openings (x400); (D) extensive furrowing of the longitudinal grooves (x4000); (E) cuticular blebs and protrusion (x4000). (F–H) ML retrieved from TWH-treated mice (Subgroup Vb); (F) Loosely coiled ML showing noticeable surface erosions and cauliflower mass (x500); (G) ulcerating cauliflower mass along with widened hypodermal gland openings (x4000); (H) bursting body extravasating the underlying ML content (x4000). (I–K) ML collected from ALB-treated mice (Subgroup Vc); (I) Loosely coiled ML lost its annulations with deepening of longitudinal grooves (x500); (J) multiple surface blebs on smooth cuticles (x4000); (K) Multiple longitudinal cuticular gaps (x4000)