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. 2025 Jul 13;23(2):e20251378. doi: 10.47626/1679-4435-2025-1378

Table 3.

Number of articles according to destructive leadership type, mental health outcomes, and organizational outcomes

n % ni
Type of destructive leadership
 Incivility 5 28 0.28
 Abusive leadership 6 33 0.33
 Toxic leadership 1 6 0.06
Laisse-faire leadership 2 11 0.11
 Other 4 22 0.22
 Total 18 100 1.00
Mental health outcomes
 Burnout 2 11 0.11
 Distress 9 50 0.50
 Mental health 6 33 0.33
 Depressive or anxious symptoms 1 6 0.06
 Total 18 100 1.00
Organizational outcomes
 Job satisfaction 4 27 0.27
 Absenteeism 2 13 0.13
 Turnover intention 2 13 0.13
 Job turnover 4 27 0.27
 Other 3 20 0.20
 Total 15 100 1.00

ni = relative frequency.