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. 2025 Sep 23;27:e72051. doi: 10.2196/72051

Table 3. Changes in health expenditure based on difference-in-differences within the event-study framework.

Year Total logarithm of health expenditures (95% CIa) P value Inpatient logarithm of health expenditures (95% CI) P value Outpatient logarithm of health expenditures (95% CI) P value
2017 0.0055 (−0.002 to 0.013) .15 0.003 (−0.005 to 0.01) .48 0.008 (−0.003 to 0.018) .14
2018 0.003 (−0.002 to 0.007) .22 0.001 (−0.004 to 0.007) .59 0.0029 (−0.003 to 0.009) .37
2019 Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
2020 −0.01 (−0.018 to -0.003) .006 −0.011 (−0.019 to -0.003) .005 −0.008 (−0.018 to 0.001) .08
2021 −0.006 (−0.019 to 0.0075) .40 −0.009 (−0.021 to 0.004) .19 −0.002 (−0.017 to 0.0127) .78
2022 −0.008 (−0.021 to 0.005) .23 −0.009 (−0.02 to 0.003) .14 −0.005 (−0.019 to 0.0097) .51
a

CIs are based on the SEs that adjust for clustering at the prefecture level.