Table 1.

Model parameters and their values. Details about the source(s) of parameters values can be found in electronic supplementary material, table S2.

parameter symbol, description and units	values in:
	mouse	human
$L_S$ (scleral thickness, μm)	$70$	$670$
$L_C$ (choroidal thickness, μm)	$30$	$268$
$\alpha$ (fraction of choroidal thickness occupied by choriocapillaris)	$0.3$	$0.034$
$R$ (universal gas constant, J mol−1 K−1)	$8.314$
$T$ (absolute temperature, K)	$310$
$\mu$ (dynamic extravascular viscosity of fluid in choroid/sclera, Pa s)	$0.7\times {10}^{-3}$
$u_{RPE}$ (pumping velocity of RPE, m s−1)	$23\times {10}^{-8}$	$3\times {10}^{-8 }$
$p_{orbit}$ (pressure in the orbital tissue, mmHg)	3	3
$\mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{blood}$ (offset between blood pressure in the choroid and IOP, mmHg)	5	5
$\mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{SCS}$ (offset between IOP and pressure in the suprachoroidal space, mmHg)	1	1
$EVP$ (episcleral venous pressure, mmHg)	7.5	7.1
$Q_{prod}$ (production rate of aqueous humour, μl min−1)	$48\times {10}^{-3}$	$2.53$
$\mathbb{C}$ (conventional outflow facility, μl min−1 mmHg−1)	$5.9\times {10}^{-3}$	$0.26$
${\mathcal{L}}_p^{\ast }$ (modified hydraulic permeability of choriocapillary walls, s−1 Pa−1)	$3.56\times {10}^{-5 }$	$1.83\times {10}^{-7 }$
$K_S$ (Darcy permeability of sclera, m2)	$6.4\times {10}^{-18}$	$1.33\times {10}^{-18}$
$K_C$ (Darcy permeability of choroid, m2)	$100\times K_S$	$100\times K_S$
${\mathcal{D}}_{2,S}$, ${\mathcal{D}}_{3,S}$ (diffusivity of SA and atRA:SA in the sclera, m2 s−1)	$9.6\times {10}^{-12}$	$9.6\times {10}^{-12}$
${\mathcal{D}}_{2,C}$, ${\mathcal{D}}_{3,C}$ (diffusivity of SA and atRA:SA in the choroid, m2 s−1)	$8.75\times {10}^{-11}$	$8.75\times {10}^{-11}$
$\beta$ (rate of SA leakage out of choriocapillary vessels, s−1)	$1.37\times {10}^{-3 }$	$3.4\times {10}^{-6}$
$c_{2,B}+c_{3,B}$ (total concentration of SA in blood, mM)	$0.41$	$0.68$
$c_{3,B}$ (concentration of atRA:SA in blood, mM)	measured directly (see text)	$2.5\times {10}^{-6}$
${\sigma }_i$ (reflection coefficient of solute $i=\mathrm{2,3}$)	$1$
$k_{prod}$ (production [synthesis] rate of atRA by choroidal cells, mM s−1)	$7.8\times {10}^{-8}$	$1.01\times {10}^{-8}$
$k_{CYPdeg}$ (degradation rate of atRA by scleral cells, s−1)	$3.5\times {10}^{-4}$	$4.56\times {10}^{-5}$
$In{d}_{max}$ (maximum fold induction of atRA degradation)	$33$
$In{d}_{C50}$ (atRA concentration at which 50% of the maximum degradation induction occurs, nM)	$90$
$f_{u,inc}$ (fraction unbound in the incubation)	$0.4$
Optimization targets
$IOP$ (intraocular pressure, mmHg)	$14.4$	$14.9$
$Q_u/Q_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}}$ (% of outflow that is unconventional)	$20\%$	$20\%$
${\displaystyle <c_2{>}_S/c_{2,B}}$ (average SA concentration in the sclera normalized by serum SA concentration)	$19\%$	$19\%$
${\displaystyle <c_3{>}_{CS}}$ (mean concentration of atRA:SA in the choroid and sclera, mM)	control: $0.75\times {10}^{-5}$	N/A
	feeding: ${\displaystyle 0.68\times {10}^{-3}}$