Table 7.
Evaluation of healthy eating index (HEI-SG) by weight status of mothers (n = 479) and children (n = 486)
| Component | Mother cohort (n = 479) | Child cohort (n = 486) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underweight1 (n = 41) | Normal2 (n = 238) | Overweight3 (n = 136) | Obese4 (n = 64) | Underweight1 (n = 14) |
Normal2 (n = 454) |
Overweight3 (n = 18) | |||
| Median (IQR) | p | Median (IQR) | p | ||||||
| Rice and alternative | 94.3 | 93.5 | 89.7 | 85.3 | 86.3 | 80.6 | 71.8 | ||
| (86.1–100) | (78.9–100) | (77.4–100) | (72.4–100) | 0.042 | (66.5–100) | (59.9–100) | (55.0–92.2) | 0.255 | |
| Whole grains | 32.3 | 25.1 | 21.6 | 18.7 | 0 | 7.0 | 0 | ||
| (8.8–88.3) | (5.6–55.2) | (6.3–47.9) | (5–49.7) | 0.271 | (0–83.0) | (0–53.2) | (0–28.3) | 0.473 | |
| Meat and alternative | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 57.6 | 89.3 | 100 | ||
| (100–100) | (100–100) | (100–100) | (100–100) | 0.396 | (30.6–100) | (53.7–100) | (36.5–100) | 0.228 | |
| Dairy and alternative | 51.2 | 69.5 | 72.7 | 68.9 | 67.5 | 71.0 | 68.8 | ||
| (25.8–94.3) | (33.4–100) | (37.4–100) | (38.5–100) | 0.335 | (53.5–83.5) | (58.8–83.3) | (55–98.6) | 0.930 | |
| Vegetables | 66.0 | 63.0 | 58.6 | 59.3 | 81.3 | 89.0 | 91.4 | ||
| (44.3–90.2) | (41.7–85.4) | (44.1–84) | (38.6–77) | 0.764 | (42.0–100) | (53.6–100) | (46.1–100) | 0.888 | |
| Fruit | 61.9 | 63.5 | 67.3 | 64.1 | 57.6 | 63.5 | 58.1 | ||
| (37.5–100) | (37.2–100) | (34.4–97.5) | (42.3–100) | 0.956 | (40.7–75.1) | (31.2–100) | (35.2–100) | 0.728 | |
| Sodium | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | ||
| (0.0–0.0) | (0.0–0.0) | (0.0–0.0) | (0.0–0.0) | 0.605 | (0–100) | (100–100) | (100–100) | 0.709 | |
| Total fat | 65.2 | 47.5 | 39.4 | 37.3 | 100 | 100 | 91.0 | ||
| (41.7–98) | (16.5–79) | (6.2–71.1) | (14.7–88.8) | 0.029 | (41.2–100) | (0–100) | (15.9–100) | 0.575 | |
| Saturated fat | 72.9 | 71.6 | 69.7 | 71.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| (64.5–94.3) | (59.4–83.6) | (59.1–80.7) | (57.3–87.5) | 0.125 | (0–39.4) | (0–38.4) | (0–12.5) | 0.893 | |
| Added sugar | 51.8 | 45.3 | 40.4 | 35.5 | 94.5 | 97.2 | 98.5 | ||
| (0–86.7) | (0–95.8) | (0–89.7) | (0–73.9) | 0.469 | (86–98.1) | (93.1–99.2) | (97.7–99.8) | 0.056 | |
| Overall (total) | 60.4 | 57.7 | 56.0 | 54.4 | 65.3 | 64.4 | 62.3 | ||
| (51.1–71.6) | (48.9–66.3) | (48.5–64.4) | (48.4–64.4) | 0.110 | (57.2–69.5) | (56.5–72.3) | (56.7–72.6) | 0.908 | |
*Seven mothers were pregnant at the time of data collection and their data were excluded from the analysis. 1Underweight: BMI below 18.5 kg/m2; 2Normal weight: BMI 18.5–22.9 kg/m2; 3Overweight: BMI between 23–29.9 kg/m2; 4 Obese BMI > 30.0 kg/m2. Superscripts (a/b) for BMI category group are statistically different (p < 0.05) by Mann–Whitney tests with Bonferroni’s post hoc test