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. 2025 Sep 23;15:32665. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-19863-1

Table 7.

ANOVA analysis for bead height.

Source Sum of Squares (SS) Degrees of Freedom (df) Mean Square (MS) F-value p-value Contribution (%)
Laser Power (P) 1.92 2 0.96 24.00 <0.001 23.1
Scan Speed (v) 3.15 2 1.58 39.50 <0.001 37.9
Powder Feed Rate (F) 2.45 2 1.23 30.75 <0.001 29.4
P*v 0.45 4 0.11 2.75 0.068 5.4
P*F 0.32 4 0.08 2.00 0.141 3.8
v*F 0.28 4 0.07 1.75 0.191 3.4
Error 0.56 14 0.04 6.7
Total 8.32 26 100.0