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. 2025 Sep 10;13:1622679. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1622679

TABLE 2.

Lower extremity joint position errors and LOS measures between FMS and healthy participants.

Variables Variables FMS participants (n = 54) (mean ± SD) Healthy controls (n = 54) (mean ± SD) Mean difference Effect size. (Cohen’s d) p-value
Lower extremity JRS variables Hip JRS (°) 4.5 ± 1.7 2.0 ± 0.9 2.5 1.86 <0.001
Knee JRS (°) 3.9 ± 1.8 1.5 ± 0.7 2.5 1.80 <0.001
Ankle JRS (°) 3.3 ± 1.1 1.1 ± 1.3 2.2 1.87 <0.001
Postural stability variables Reaction time (s) 1.86 ± 0.37 0.89 ± 0.12 0.97 3.53 <0.001
Maximum excursion (%) 6.23 ± 1.23 9.67 ± 1.34 −3.44 −2.67 <0.001
Direction control (%) 69.99 ± 8.88 92.63 ± 2.45 −22.64 −3.48 <0.001

FMS, fibromyalgia syndrome; JRS, joint reposition sense; CI, confidence interval.