TABLE 4.

Compounds Structure, Bioactivities, and Molecular mechanism of Terpenes and Polysaccharides.

Types	Name	Compounds structure	Bioactivities	Molecular mechanism	Refs
Terpenes	Borneol		Increasing pinocytosis Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant Neuroprotective	1. Efflux transporters↓→Drug permeability↑ 2. Pinocytosis↑ in brain capillary endothelial cells → Active drug uptake↑	Kulkarni et al. (2021), Zhang et al. (2017b), Chen et al. (2010)
	Crocetin		Antiallergic Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Neuroprotective Cardioprotective	1. STK11/LKB1↑→AMPK pathway↑→Autophagy↑ in N9 microglia and primary neurons → Aβ clearance↑, Memory function↑ 2. NOX2↓ → Early ROS production↓ RNF146-mediated HK-I ubiquitination↓ (in late Parthanatos) → Mitochondrial protection↑ 3. Local cerebral blood flow↑ → Neuronal differentiation↑	Wani et al. (2021), Wu et al. (2023), Liu et al. (2023)
Polysaccharides	Chitosan		Antiallergic Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Neuroprotective Cardioprotective	1. Negative charge on mucosal surface → Electrostatic interaction↑ → Drug bioavailability↑	Jafernik et al. (2023)