Table 2.
Comparisons of means of the BRIEF, CBCL, and SAND-C among healthy control, cSLE-NL, and cSLE-NCD groups at baseline*
| Healthy controls | cSLE-NL | cSLE-NCD | |
|---|---|---|---|
| BRIEF | |||
| Index scores | |||
| General Executive Composite | 47.79 ± 1.63 | 47.52 ± 1.44 | 48.78 ± 2.67 |
| Behavioral Regulation Index | 47.33 ± 1.41 | 46.61 ± 1.24 | 45.67 ± 2.30 |
| Metacognition Index | 48.63 ± 1.89 | 48.45 ± 1.66 | 51.00 ± 3.09 |
| Clinical scores | |||
| Inhibit | 47.96 ± 1.46 | 47.13 ± 1.28 | 46.00 ± 2.38 |
| Shift | 48.04 ± 1.73 | 47.61 ± 1.52 | 46.67 ± 2.83 |
| Emotional control | 47.17 ± 1.63 | 46.48 ± 1.44 | 45.78 ± 2.67 |
| Initiate | 49.54 ± 1.75 | 48.52 ± 1.54 | 50.44 ± 2.86 |
| Working memory | 49.88 ± 2.04 | 51.39 ± 1.80 | 52.33 ± 3.33 |
| Plan/organize | 49.04 ± 1.84 | 48.06 ± 1.62 | 50.67 ± 3.01 |
| Organization of materials | 47.25 ± 1.94 | 47.94 ± 1.70 | 47.22 ± 3.16 |
| Monitor | 46.67 ± 1.85 | 45.90 ± 1.63 | 50.56 ± 3.03 |
| CBCL | |||
| Summary scales | |||
| Total Problems | 47.25 ± 1.91 | 48.00 ± 1.68 | 49.22 ± 3.11 |
| Total Competency | 49.26 ± 2.47 | 47.17 ± 2.17 | 40.78 ± 3.95 |
| Syndrome/narrow-band scales | |||
| Social withdrawal | 52.71 ± 1.15 | 54.13 ± 1.02 | 58.33 ± 1.88† |
| Somatic complaints | 56.21 ± 1.86 | 60.26 ± 1.64 | 59.56 ± 3.05† |
| Anxiety/depression | 52.88 ± 0.83 | 52.32 ± 0.73 | 51.56 ± 1.36 |
| Social problems | 52.67 ± 0.97 | 53.65 ± 0.86 | 53.22 ± 1.59 |
| Thought problems‡ | 53.21 ± 1.01 | 53.97 ± 0.88 | 56.22 ± 1.64 |
| Attention problems‡ | 52.00 ± 0.84 | 53.52 ± 0.74 | 54.11 ± 1.37 |
| Rule-breaking behavior | 52.46 ± 0.70 | 51.90 ± 0.61 | 52.00 ± 1.14 |
| Aggressive behavior | 51.58 ± 0.67 | 52.06 ± 0.59 | 51.44 ± 1.09 |
| Broad-band groupings of psychopathology | |||
| Internalizing Problems | 49.58 ± 1.95 | 52.81 ± 1.72 | 53.33 ± 3.18 |
| Externalizing Problems | 46.00 ± 1.65 | 45.90 ± 1.45 | 46.44 ± 2.70§ |
| Competency scales | |||
| Activities competency | 45.83 ± 2.39 | 43.19 ± 2.06 | 45.67 ± 3.82§ |
| Social competency | 50.21 ± 1.88 | 50.80 ± 1.68 | 44.11 ± 3.07 |
| School competency‡ | 51.33 ± 1.56 | 50.26 ± 1.38 | 42.11 ± 2.55 |
| SAND-C total score | 104.13 ± 2.48 | 104.61 ± 2.19 | 94.78 ± 4.06 |
Values are the mean ± SE. P values are from post hoc comparisons using Tukey’s method under adjusted fixed-effect models. The adjusted model used parent’s highest education level as the controlling covariate in addition to the group effect (control vs. cSLE-NL vs. cSLE-NCD). BRIEF = Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; CBCL = Child Behavioral Checklist; SAND-C = Subjective Awareness of Neuropsychological Deficits for Children; cSLE-NL = childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus without neurocognitive dysfunction (NCD); cSLE-NCD = cSLE with NCD.
P < 0.05 for healthy controls vs. cSLE-NCD (adjusted model).
CBCL scales that sample aspects of cognition.
P < 0.05 for cSLE-NL vs. cSLE-NCD (adjusted model).