Table 3.
Antimicrobial effect of ethanolic extract of C. comosum (CE), chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs), and CE-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CE/CsNPs) showing the inhibition zone ± standard deviation, activity index, and percentage activity; Ampicillin and Clotrimazole are used as positive controls for bacteria and fungus, respectively
| Treatment |
E. coli gram-negative bacteria |
S. aureus gram-positive bacteria |
C. albicans fungus |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) | Activity Index (AI) | Percentage Activity (PA%) | Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) | Activity Index (AI) | Percentage Activity (PA%) | Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) | Activity Index (AI) | Percentage Activity (PA%) | |
| CE | 7.58 ± 0.80bc | 0.283 | 28.3 | 10.54 ± 1.25bc | 0.438 | 43.8 | 12.57 ± 1.54bc | 0.457 | 45.7 |
| CsNPs | 0.00 ± 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 ± 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 5.12 ± 0.95abc | 0.186 | 18.6 |
| CE/CsNPs | 12.34 ± 0.75ac | 0.464 | 46.4 | 16.41 ± 1.01ac | 0.682 | 68.2 | 18.74 ± 1.13ac | 0.683 | 68.3 |
| Ampicillin | 25.37 ± 0.03 | 1 | 100 | 23.54 ± 1.12 | 1 | 100.0 | 0.00 ± 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Clotrimazole | 0.00 ± 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 ± 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 28.41 ± 0.04 | 1 | 100.0 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). One-way ANOVA (P < 0.05), followed by a post-hoc test for comparison between groups, was used (a p < 0.05 vs CE group, b p < 0.05 vs CE/CsNPs group, and c p < 0.05 vs control (Ampicillin for bacteria or Clotrimazole for fungi))