Table 3.
Generalized Estimating Equation Analyses of Ocular and Nonocular Associations with Myopic Traction Maculopathy (n = 839 Highly Myopic Eyes)
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P | Multivariable Model 1∗ OR (95% CI) | P | Multivariable Model 2† OR (95% CI) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE (D) (per 1-D decrement) | 1.25 (1.18–1.33) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | 0.03 | ||
| AL (mm) (per 1-mm increment) | 1.88 (1.60–2.21) | <0.001 | 1.30 (1.03–1.65) | 0.03 | ||
| Age (yr) (per year increment) | 1.10 (1.06–1.15) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) | 0.01 | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | 0.01 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Female | 0.75 (0.33–1.71) | 0.49 | 1.61 (0.64–4.06) | 0.31 | 1.17 (0.46–2.95) | 0.74 |
| Weight (kg) (per kg increment) | 1.03 (0.99–1.06) | 0.10 | ||||
| Height (m) (per m increment) | 26.64 (0.04–18 635.61) | 0.33 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) (per unit increment) | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) | 0.12 | ||||
| Education level | ||||||
| Below university | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| University | 0.22 (0.10–0.52) | 0.001 | 0.52 (0.20–1.40) | 0.20 | 0.56 (0.20–1.55) | 0.27 |
| MMD | ||||||
| Absent | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Present | 33.81 (11.33–100.92) | <0.001 | 12.77 (3.18–51.24) | <0.001 | 10.80 (2.26–51.66) | 0.003 |
AL = axial length; BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; D = diopters; MMD = myopic macular degeneration; MTM = myopic macular degeneration; n = number; OR = odds ratio; SE = spherical equivalent.
Bold values indicate P values < 0.05.
∗
Model 1 shows the multivariable association of SE with MTM, adjusted for age, sex, education level, and MMD.
†
Model 2 shows the multivariable association of AL with MTM, adjusted for age, sex, education level, and MMD.