Table 15.

Multimodal Deep Learning for Convergent Applications in Cancer Diagnosis

Fusion Data Types	Application Cases	Effect
EHR + CT images + genomic data	Integrating EHR, CT images and genomic data into a multimodal deep learning framework for improved detection sensitivity in lung cancer detection170	Improved sensitivity and accuracy
EHR + Genetic Data	BERT-based modeling to extract risk factors and treatment response in cancer patients171	Outperforms traditional machine learning methods
EHR + Image Data	The DSS system developed by Lee et al combines CT images and clinical data to predict the pathological stage of lung cancer172	Provide a visual explanation of staging