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. 2025 Sep 11;16:1648434. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1648434

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Copyright © 2025 Han, Qi, He, Xue, Li, Wang and Yan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Displays four chromatograms showing the mass spectrometry parameters of alkaloids, with peaks identified for peimisine, peiminine, and imperialine. (B) Contains four box plots depicting the concentration of alkaloids (pemisnine, imperialine, peiminine, and peimine) among five groups (YM-A-C, SK-FC, CZS-FC, AH-A-C, BM-TC). Statistical significance is marked with asterisks. — Targeted analysis of FCB. (A) Typical multiple reaction monitoring chromatograms of alkaloids in FCB from different sources; (B) Content of four alkaloids in FCB from different sources.