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. 2025 Sep 11;16:1648434. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1648434

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Copyright © 2025 Han, Qi, He, Xue, Li, Wang and Yan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A composite image with three panels: (A) A PCA plot with colored data points and ellipses indicating groupings based on “treat” categories (CZ-PA, AH-AC, SK-FC, YM-AC, BM-TC) represented in red, green, blue, orange, and purple. (B) Bar graphs showing elemental concentrations (K, Mg, Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, Zn) across the same groups with statistical significance marked by asterisks. (C) A heatmap displaying the correlation between different elements and four compounds (Peimisine, Imperialine, Peimine, Peiminine), with color gradients from red to blue indicating correlation strength. — Elemental analysis of FCB. (A) PCA plot; (B) Content of eight mineral nutritional elements in FCB from different sources; (C) Correlation analysis between mineral nutritional elements and alkaloids.