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. 2025 Sep 11;16:1648434. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1648434

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Copyright © 2025 Han, Qi, He, Xue, Li, Wang and Yan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Six-panel image showing spectroscopy data and analysis: (A) Line graph displaying absorbance vs. wavelength for five samples. (B) Scatter plot of PCA analysis with clusters distinguished by color. (C) 3D surface plots showing synchronous spectra for different samples. (D) Line graph of loss value decreasing over 50 epochs. (E) Line graph depicting training and testing accuracy over epochs, with two lines differentiating the data. (F) Confusion matrix displaying predicted vs. true labels for five categories with color-coded cells. — Traceability model results. (A) Hyperspectral profiles of FCB from different sources; (B) PLS-DA results; (C) 3DCOS images of FCB from different sources; (D) Model distortion rate; (E) Model accuracy rate; (F) Confusion matrix.