Table 2.

Conceptualizations of human autonomy in AI^a systems.

Autonomy perspective	Disciplinary origin	Papers, n	Core ideas	Key example use cases
Technological autonomy from human control	Computer science and engineering	46	AI systems operate independently, reducing user input	Predictive automation and context-aware recommender systems
Human autonomy through technology	Management, HCIb, and HCDc	102	AI enhances user capacity and supports informed and volitional action	Personal informatics, decision-support interfaces, and nudging tools

^aAI: artificial intelligence.

^bHCI: human-computer interaction.

^cHCD: human-centered design.