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. 2025 Sep 24;17:56. doi: 10.1186/s11689-025-09645-1

Table 3.

Speech and oral-motor phenotype

ID CAS Dysarthria GFTA-3 growth scale value DEMSS raw score Oral-motor dysfunction Verbal Speech AAC
F1S1  +  - 452 NA - Single words, some phrases -
F2S1  +  - NA 114 - Single words Uses SGD
F3S1  +   +  460 NA Drooling Single words -
F4S1 NA NA NA NA Drooling; open mouth posture; difficulty feeding in infancy Minimally verbala Uses SGD
F5S1  +   +  507 NA - Conversational -
F6S1  +  - 472 NA Oral hypotonia; open-mouth posture Single words -
F7S1 NA NA NA NA - Minimally verbala Attempted but not successful
F8S1  +  - 441 NA - Single words Uses SGD
F8S2 NA NA NA NA Difficulty feeding in infancy Minimally verbala Uses SGD
F9S1 -  +  465 NA - Simple phrases, sentences Uses sign language
F10S1  +  - NA NA Difficulty feeding in infancy Single words -
F11S1  +   +  515 356 - Conversational -
F12S1  +   +  497 NA Drooling; tongue thrust; difficulty feeding in infancy Single words -
F13S1  +   +  515 353 Difficulty feeding in infancy Simple phrases, sentences -
F14S1  +  - 491 NA Drooling Single words Uses SGD
F14S2  +  - 481 358 - Simple phrases, sentences -
F15S1  +   +  441 NA Difficulty feeding in infancy, history of dysphagia Single words, some phrases Uses SGD

Abbreviations: CAS childhood apraxia of speech, GFTA-3 Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation, 5th Edition, DEMSS Dynamic Evaluation of Motor Speech Skills, AAC augmentative and alternative communication, SGD speech-generating device

aUses < 10 verbal words and unable to consistently repeat words on request