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. 2025 Sep 24;23:1006. doi: 10.1186/s12967-025-07019-8

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Overall use of animals in prevention-related projects. A Percentage of all prevention-related projects funded under FP7, H2020 and HE that utilized animals (orange bars) (either alone or in combination with other methods), or did not utilize animals (blue bars). B-J Percentages of projects focusing on the nine most covered biomedical areas: cancer (B), infectious diseases and/or virus (C), diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome (D), cardiovascular diseases (E), ageing-related diseases (F), mental health disorders (G), neurodegenerative diseases (H), healthcare (I), along with personalized/precision medicine-related projects (J), that considered or did not consider the use of animals (either alone or in combination with other methods) and were funded under FP7, H2020 and HE. The values in B-J refer to the percentages of disease specific projects-related to prevention under each framework programme