Table 2.

Intervention Forms and Methods

Intervention category	Content	Delivery method	Target population	Setting	Evaluation method	Outcome or effectiveness
Policy intervention	Formulating and reading policies promoting research integrity	Offline, Online	Researchers, Institutions	Universities, Research Institutions	Policy impact evaluation	Improved awareness of research integrity
Educational intervention - online	Online courses, lectures, modules on research integrity	Online	Undergraduates, Postgraduates, Researchers	Universities, Online Platforms	Knowledge tests, surveys, behavioral assessments	Improved knowledge, awareness, and application of integrity principles
Educational intervention - offline	In-person courses, lectures, Problem-Based Learning (PBL)	Offline	Undergraduates, Postgraduates, Researchers	Universities, Research Institutions	Case discussions, practice tests, knowledge assessments	Improved understanding and application of research integrity
Educational intervention - hybrid	Combination of online and offline educational activities	Hybrid	Undergraduates, Postgraduates, Researchers	Universities, Online Platforms	Knowledge tests, surveys, behavioral assessments	Improved knowledge, awareness, and application of integrity principles
Environmental intervention	Creating a supportive research integrity environment within institutions	Offline	Doctoral Students	Universities, Research Institutions	Impact on research behavior, environmental feedback	Influence on research integrity behavior
Software intervention	Use of anti-plagiarism software (Turnitin) to monitor research misconduct	Online	Students, Researchers	Universities, Online Platforms	Plagiarism detection rates, feedback on research integrity	Reduced plagiarism, improved adherence to integrity norms