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. 2025 Sep 25;23:1015. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05987-x

Table 4.

Analysis of study locations and economic contexts in the reviewed literature (N = 55)

Conditions HIC uMIC lMIC LIC
Studies/Refs n % Studies/Refs n % Studies/Refs n % Studies/Refs n %
Neonatal Disorders [68, 94] 2 15.4 [62, 93, 101] 3 23.1 [62, 63, 100, 103] 4 30.8 [62(4)] 4 30.8
Ischaemic heart Diseases [23, 34] [40(5)] [43, 56] 9 50.0 [17, 20, 38, 6972] 7 38.9 [22] 1 5.6 [40] 1 5.6
Stroke [31, 33, 39, 46, 60, 74, 92, 97, 104106, 114] 12 66.6 [28, 73, 115] 3 16.7 [24, 42, 116] 3 16,7 0 0
Lower Respiratory Disorders [102(5)] [107, 108] 7 77.8 [15] 1 11.1 [30] 1 11.1 0 0
Diarrhoea [63, 65, 67] 3 42.9 [64] 1 14.3 [75, 76] 2 28.6 [66] 1 14.3
COPD [14, 21, 41, 47, 50, 51, 53, 57, 58, 109] 10 71.4 [78, 110] 2 14.3 [49, 77] 2 14.3 0 0
Road injuries [8083, 95, 96, 98, 99, 111] 9 90.0 0 0 [79] 1 10.0 0 0
Diabetes Mellitus [13, 16, 19, 27, 32, 3537, 44, 45, 48, 55, 88, 112, 113] 15 65.3 [18, 29, 52, 61, 8587] 7 30 4 0 0 [84] 1 4.3
Low Back Pain [59, 89, 117] 3 60.0 [90] 1 20.0 [118] 1 20.0 - 0 0
Congenital Birth Defects [91] 1 20.0 [26, 119] 2 40.0 [21] 1 20.0 [54] 1 20.0
Total 69 58.0 26 21.8 16 13.4 8 6.7

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, LIC low income country, lMIC lower middle income country, uMIC upper middle income country, HIC high income country