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. 2025 Sep 25;23:1015. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05987-x

Table 5.

Overview of data sources, risk of bias, and outcomes evaluated in included studies

Variable Categories f %
Data source Primary 54 50.5
Secondary 50 46.7
Both 3 2.8
Study population Regional 13 12.2
National 89 83.1
International 3 2.8
Continental 2 1.9
Risk of bias Low 43 40.2
Moderate 61 57.0
High 3 2.8
Outcomes assessed Prevalence 38 27.5
Incidence 7 5.1
Mortality 35 25.4
Cost 21 15.2
Care Giver Strain/Burden 12 8.6
DALYs 25 18.1