Table 2.

Ten distinct themes related to active outdoor play identified through LDA topic modeling

Cluster	Topic Probability	Keywords	Compiled Interpretations
1	0.07461	child physical children play school parent intervention neighborhood active level sedentary childhood preschool environment family mvpa screen health social young adolescent sb playground behavior home parental adult youth obesity young_child preschooler gender risk change mother policy opportunity childcare healthy	a) Childhood Health and Active Play b) Healthy Childhood Development c) Youth Physical Activity d) Fostering engagement in outdoor physical activity and healthier lifestyle habits amongst preschool children and adolescents e) Encouraging physical activity and active outdoor play among children and adolescents
2	0.06994	nature student social role experience education natural teacher development play knowledge qualitative way practice environmental context review school learning game science place environment process understanding interview approach adventure concept systematic challenge interaction cognitive individual evidence benefit intervention theoretical systematic_review	a) Nature Education: A Systematic Adventure b) Educational and Developmental Benefits of Outdoor Play in Natural Environments c) Outdoor Education d) Self-learning and exploration through nature e) Educating students on the relationship between outdoor play and the environment
3	0.06722	urban nature environmental recreation public green human natural recreational green_space local park space role forest city resident ecological social landscape conservation species community spatial environment climate health management climate_change water rural ecosystem case respondent economic individual biodiversity large population	a) City Parks: Green Spaces for All b) Enhancing Urban Environments for Active Outdoor Recreation and Nature Interaction c) Community, Environment, and Nature d) Human health and well-being considerations of recreational use of public green spaces, in the age of climate change e) The impact of rural and urban community living on climate change
4	0.06141	physical covid older health older_adult covid_pandemic mental mental_health social injury risk intervention pandemic level participation patient change leisure home daily individual depression sport elderly factor wellbeing cognitive indoor psychological quality mobility active healthy lockdown type online gender anxiety community	a) Healthy Aging in the COVID Era b) Impact of the Pandemic on the Physical and Mental Wellbeing of Older Adults c) COVID-19, Injury, and Mental Illness d) The consequential effects of COVID-19 lockdown on the physical and mental health of older adults e) Determining the correlation of COVID-19 and health disparities, including mental health, among older adults
5	0.04577	myopia vitamin risk child prevalence sun risk_factor eye myopic school skin sun_exposure refractive refractive_error serum skin_cancer light level axial gender visual factor deficiency axial_length student uv myopia_progression ocular sun_protection questionnaire exposure status hour progression spherical_equivalent ohd odds_ratio parental summer	a) Child Myopia and Sun Exposure Risk b) Relationship Between Outdoor Activity, Sun Exposure, and Eye Health in Children c) Visual Disorders d) The health benefits and consequences of sunlight exposure: vision health, vitamin D, and skin cancer e) The risk of developing myopia and skin cancer among children with increased sun exposure
6	0.04062	indoor air pm exposure air_pollution concentration air_quality personal mu particulate_matter health pm_concentration indoor_air ambient home human particulate urban particle source level personal_exposure mu_gm air_pollutant soil daily asthma risk indoor_pm population traffic pollutant model health_risk respiratory environmental ventilation city period	a) Indoor Air Quality and Health b) Understanding the Health Implications of Outdoor Play in Urban Environments with a Focus on Air Quality and Particulate Matter Exposure c) Air Pollution d) The health risks of poor air quality in urban environments e) The impact of poor air quality and high levels of pollution among urban populations
7	0.03946	thermal temperature thermal_comfort heat degree energy air summer winter indoor performance climate hot solar building weather cold human air_temperature space thermal_environment condition wind physiological water model comfort thermal_sensation field relative_humidity extreme experimental urban seasonal meteorological change environmental heat_stress solar_radiation	a) Climate Comfort b) Optimizing Thermal Comfort for Safe and Enjoyable Outdoor Play c) Climate and Weather d) Optimal indoor thermal temperature during different seasons e) Promoting overall performance through determining an optimal thermal temperature based on seasonal conditions
8	0.03639	role nature plant protein surface temperature species growth development interaction complex mechanism biological property water material soil app host presence energy light process structural structure type concentration function degree experimental natural ph large expression field active diverse review size	a) Biological Role of Surface Plant Proteins b) Complex Interactions Between Natural Environments and Child Development c) Botany d) Biological terms associated with plant growth e) Determining appropriate biological mechanisms to explain the interaction and associated outcomes of plant processes
9	0.03613	patient risk case tick human risk_factor clinical infection disease animal dog exposure role incidence access diagnosis common cat individual indoor population prevalence behavior blood presence symptom endemic allergic wild lyme adult pig transmission infectious factor environmental tbe tickborne prevention	a) Tick-Borne Diseases b) Assessing Health Risks Associated with Outdoor Play in Tick-Prone Environments c) Infection and Disease d) The environmental risk factors of tickborne viruses and their impact on human health e) The associated risk of environmental tickborne exposure and perceived health outcomes among patients
10	0.03487	system malaria model indoor human mosquito user performance app approach image environment accuracy prediction mobile real neural_network wearable development device sensor feature accurate framework complex role information machine deep classification task smart spatial detection field effective type monitoring anopheles	a) Smart Malaria Detection System b) Innovative Technology and Data-Driven Solutions for Malaria Prevention during Outdoor Activities c) Modeling Technology d) Development of wearable technology and app model to enhance user performance e) Utilizing wearable technology to determine the accuracy of user performance outcomes through spatial detection and sensor features