Table 3.
Percent of Adults in US Rural Areas Reporting at Least Once Per Day Consumption of Vegetables, by Characteristic, BRFSS 2019 and 2021a
| Characteristic | Prevalence (95% Confidence Interval) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1b | p-valuec | Model 2d | p-valuec | |
| Overalle | 80.0 (79.6–80.4) | – | 80.0 (79.6–80.4) | – |
| Age, years | ||||
| 18–34 | 77.5 (76.5–78.5) | <0.001 | 78.3 (77.4–79.3) | <0.001 |
| 35–44 | 81.3 (80.4–82.3) | 81.5 (80.5–82.4) | ||
| 45–64 | 80.7 (80.1–81.3) | 80.6 (80.0–81.2) | ||
| ≥65 | 80.7 (80.1–81.3) | 80.1 (79.4–80.7) | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 82.2 (81.7–82.7) | <0.001 | 82.0 (81.4–82.4) | <0.001 |
| Male | 77.7 (77.1–78.3) | 78.0 (77.5–78.6) | ||
| Race or Ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 68.6 (66.2–71.0) | <0.001 | 71.7 (69.4–73.9) | <0.001 |
| NH AIAN | 80.0 (77.9–81.9) | 81.0 (79.0–82.8) | ||
| NH Asian | 81.4 (77.2–85.0) | 80.1 (75.7–83.9) | ||
| NH Black | 69.8 (67.9–71.5) | 70.8 (69.0–72.5) | ||
| NH Pacific Islander | 76.9 (71.4–81.6) | 77.5 (72.0–82.1) | ||
| NH White | 81.9 (81.5–82.2) | 81.6 (81.2–82.0) | ||
| NH Multiracial | 80.8 (78.3–83.1) | 81.0 (78.6–83.2) | ||
| NH Other | 85.9 (81.3–89.5) | 86.3 (81.8–89.9) | ||
| Missing | 80.5 (77.9–82.9) | 80.5 (77.8–83.0) | ||
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school | 70.4 (69.0–71.8) | <0.001 | 72.4 (71.0–73.7) | <0.001 |
| High school | 77.0 (76.3–77.6) | 77.2 (76.5–77.9) | ||
| More than high school | 84.4 (84.0–84.9) | 84.0 (83.5–84.4) | ||
| Employed | ||||
| Yes | 81.4 (80.9–81.9) | <0.001 | 81.2 (80.7–81.8) | 0.002 |
| No | 75.6 (74.7–76.5) | 76.8 (75.9–77.7) | ||
| Retired | 81.6 (80.7–82.4) | 81.0 (80.1–81.8) | ||
| Annual household income | ||||
| <$15,000 | 70.2 (68.6–71.8) | <0.001 | 73.1 (71.6–74.5) | <0.001 |
| $15,000–24,999 | 75.0 (73.8–76.1) | 76.9 (75.8–78.0) | ||
| $25,000–34,999 | 79.0 (77.8–80.1) | 79.9 (78.8–81.0) | ||
| $35,000–49,999 | 80.4 (79.3–81.4) | 80.3 (79.2–81.3) | ||
| $50,000–74,999 | 83.8 (82.8–84.7) | 82.9 (81.9–83.8) | ||
| ≥$75,000 | 86.1 (85.4–86.8) | 84.7 (83.9–85.4) | ||
| Missing | 76.8 (75.8–77.8) | 77.3 (76.3–78.2) | ||
| US Census Division | ||||
| Pacific | 81.7 (80.0–83.3) | <0.001 | 80.9 (79.1–82.6) | <0.001 |
| Mountain | 81.2 (80.6–81.8) | 81.1 (80.4–81.8) | ||
| West North Central | 79.7 (79.1–80.2) | 78.6 (78.0–79.1) | ||
| West South Central | 76.9 (75.1–78.6) | 78.9 (77.3–80.4) | ||
| East North Central | 80.3 (79.4–81.1) | 79.2 (78.2–80.1) | ||
| East South Central | 79.3 (78.5–80.2) | 80.2 (79.3–81.0) | ||
| South Atlantic | 80.2 (79.2–81.2) | 81.5 (80.5–82.4) | ||
| Middle Atlantic | 79.8 (78.0–81.5) | 79.1 (77.3–80.8) | ||
| New England | 86.6 (85.7–87.4) | 84.9 (84.0–85.8) | ||
| Healthcare cost concerns in past 12 months | ||||
| No | 80.4 (80.0–80.8) | <0.001 | 80.2 (79.8–80.6) | 0.06 |
| Yes | 77.2 (75.7–78.5) | 79.0 (77.7–80.2) | ||
| Physical exam in past 12 months | ||||
| No | 79.0 (78.2–79.8) | 0.003 | 79.7 (78.8–80.5) | 0.19 |
| Yes | 80.5 (80.0–80.9) | 80.3 (79.8–80.7) | ||
Abbreviations: AIAN: American Indian or Alaska Native; BRFSS: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; NH = Non-Hispanic
Covariates are excluded from a model if also used as a stratifying variable.
Rural areas were defined as counties classified as micropolitan or non-core according to the National Center for Health Statistics’ Urban-Rural Classification Scheme for Counties
Model 1 covariates include: age
P-values represent a group test for overall effect
Model 2 covariates include: age, sex, race or ethnicity, education
Overall estimates derived from predicted margins in both models are mathematically equivalent (i.e. unadjusted)