Table 1.
Combination treatments with honokiol
| Drug/therapeutic name | Cancer type/models | Key findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemotherapeutic drugs | |||
| Cisplatin | Colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, oral cancer, lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma | Reduce toxicity, re-sensitization, interleukin-6/STAT3 regulation, dynamin-related protein 1 regulation, and reactive oxygen species and anti-oxidative enzyme regulation | 19,28-34 |
| Paclitaxel (Taxol) | Human squamous KB cells, lung cancer, and breast cancer | Inhibit cell proliferation and tumor growth, induce paraptosis, downregulation of focal adhesion kinase, PI3K, MMP-2, and MMP-9 | 19,37-40 |
| Doxorubicin | Breast cancer and cardiomyopathy | Inhibit growth and proliferation by regulating microRNA-188-5p, FBXW7, and c-Myc, regulation of mucin 1 and multidrug resistance protein 1, and cardioprotective properties | 42-45 |
| 5-fluorouracil | Oral cancer, urothelial cell carcinoma, and tongue cancer | High apoptosis, suppresses tumor growth, cell cycle arrest, and decreased systemic toxicity | 47-49 |
| Metformin | Breast cancer | Induce apoptosis and inhibit cell growth | 50 |
| Bleomycin | Breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and melanoma | Reduce pulmonary toxicity and inhibit DNA repair | 52 |
| Monoclonal antibodies | |||
| Cetuximab | Cetuximab-resistant cancer cells | Resensitization, regulate HER, MAPK, AKT, and dynamin-related protein 1 pathways | 53 |
| Small-molecule inhibitors | |||
| Cabozantinib | Renal cell carcinoma | Induce reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis and autophagy, inhibit Rubicon, p62, and HO-1 | 57 |
| Lapatinib | Breast cancer | Cell cycle arrest induces apoptosis, suppresses PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway | 24 |
| Imatinib | Leukemia | Inhibit cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and induce paraptosis | 59 |
| Erlotinib | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and lung cancer | Induce apoptosis, inhibit EGFR signaling pathways, including MAPK, AKT, and STAT3 | 56,60 |
| Osimertinib | Non-small cell lung cancer | Inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis, suppress tumor growth even with 19del, T790M, and C797S triple mutations, inhibit p-ERK1/2, and promote myeloid cell leukemia-1 degradation | 61 |
| Immunosuppressive drugs in transplantation | |||
| Cyclosporine A | Renal cell carcinoma | Inhibit cyclosporine A-induced Ras-Raf-ERK and VEGF pathways | 74 |
| Rapamycin | Renal cell carcinoma | Inhibit cell proliferation and growth, inhibit Rubicon, programmed death-ligand 1, c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor, and AXL, and downregulate HO-1 | 26,77 |
Abbreviations: AKT: Protein kinase B; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; HER: Human epidermal growth factor receptor; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MMP: Matrix metallopeptidase; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.