Table 2.

Comparative analysis of the studied fish feed ingredients.

Aquafeed	Availability	Potential benefits	References
Plant-based	High	• Readily available ingredients. • Sustainable fishing reduces pressure on fish stocks. • Safer for human consumption. • Cost-effective. • Contain essential and nonessential amino acids.	[24, 41–46]
Insect-based	Moderate	• High protein content. • Larvae contain natural antibiotics. • Sustainable, uses organic waste. • Good source of vitamins and minerals. • Contain beneficial unsaturated fatty acids. • High feed conversion efficiency.	[3, 40, 47–50]
Agricultural waste-based	High	• Contain antibacterial, antioxidative, and neuroprotective properties. • Waste utilization and environmental sustainability. • Budget-friendly alternative to conventional fish feed. • Contain natural probiotics that help boost the immune system.	[24, 51–53]
Single-cell protein-based	Low	• Highly nutritious. • Have a very fast growth rate that yields a high amount of production. • Require minimal water and arable land. • Improves growth rates and overall animal health. • Rich source of protein, vitamins, enzymes, minerals, and well-balanced amino acids.	[54–58]