Table 3.
Effects of plant-based diets on fish and shellfish.
| Plants | Fish species | Inclusion (%) | Culture period | CP (%) | Initial B. W (g) |
Final B. W (g) |
Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moringa leaf (M. oleifera) | Mrigal carp (C. mrigala) | 0, 10, 20,30, 40,50 | 90 days | 30 | 6.35 | 20.63 | Optimal growth and nutrient digestibility at 10% inclusion. | Tabassum et al. [66] |
| Moringa leaf (M. oleifera) | Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) | 0, 10, 20 | 60 days | — | 29.06 | 56.14 | FCR and SGR were found to be the highest at 20%. | Nadia et al. [67] |
| Moringa leaf (M. oleifera) | Silver barb (P. gonionotus) |
0, 10, 30, 50 | 60 days | 30 | 5.70 | 20.85 | 50% inclusion exhibited the highest stress tolerance, with RBC, WBC, and hemoglobin increasing gradually. | Farhad et al. [68] |
| Moringa leaf (M. oleifera) | Gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) | 20, 40, 60 | 50 days | 35 | 19.35 | 39.51 | Enhanced growth, antioxidant and immune response, and resistance to A. hydrophila in a 40% inclusion level. | Zhang et al. [69] |
| Moringa leaf (M. oleifera) | Common carp (C. carpio) |
0, 5, 10, 15 | 56 days | — | 8.55 | 16.59 | The best feed conversion rate and better growth were observed in fish fed with 5% moringa leaf meal. | Al-Dubakel and Taher [70] |
| Alfalfa leaf (Medicago sativa) | Goldfish (C. auratus) |
0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 40 | 60 days | 40–41 | 10.24 | 23.70 | A 15% dietary inclusion of alfalfa is suitable for ensuring good pigmentation, acceptable growth, and efficient feed utilization. | Yanar et al. [71] |
| Cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta) | Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) | 30 | 60 days | 30 | 11.4–12.2 | 101.4 | Diets with 30% fermented cassava leaves had overall acceptable growth performance with better production outcomes for Nile tilapia farming. | Amare et al. [37] |
| Subabul leaf (Leucaena leucocephala) | African catfish (C. gariepinus) | 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 | 8 weeks | 35 | 7.50 | 15.16 | Fish-fed 20% meal had the best performance in terms of weight gain, SGR, and FCR. | Tiamiyu et al. [72] |
| Duckweed (Lemna minor) | Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) |
25, 50, 75, 100 | 56 days | 30 | 4.10 | 28.70 | 25% inclusion showed the best growth performance and feed utilization. | Ibrahim et al. [73] |
| Duckweed (L. minor) | Common carp (C. carpio) | 15, 30, 45 | 60 days | 32 | 16.25 | 23.01 | Up to 15% inclusion demonstrated better growth performance. | Asimi et al. [74] |
| Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) |
Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) |
25, 50, 75, 100 | 7 weeks | 30 | 3.60 | 40.4 | 25% inclusion showed better growth performance and feed efficiency. | Yousif et al. [75] |
| Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) |
Common carp (C. carpio) | 10, 20, 30, 40 | 70 days | 35–38 | 1.20 | 5.06 | 40% replacement showed better growth performance and cost-effectiveness. | Mohapatra [76] |
| Aquatic fern (Azolla pinnata) | Thai silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) |
25, 50, 75, 100 | 56 days | 35 | 3.90 | 30.93 | 25% fresh Azolla inclusion resulted in better growth performance, a higher protein efficiency ratio (PER), and cost-effectiveness. | Das et al. [77] |
| Water lettuce (Pistia tratiotes) | Rohu (L. rohita) | 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 | 80 days | 25–35 | 1.23 | 2.75 | 30% showed better growth performance and FCR. | Nisha and Geetha [78] |
| Water lily (Nymphaea sp.) | Common carp (C. carpio) | 30, 40, 50 | 45 days | 27–32 | 1.50 | 36.7 | 40% showed the best growth performance and survival. | Sivani et al. [79] |
| Taro leaves (Colocasia esculenta) |
Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) |
33, 67, 100 | 84 days | 23 | 73 | 160.5 | 33% showed better survival, growth performance, and cost-effectiveness. | Mathia and Fotedar [80] |
Abbreviations: B.W, body weight; CP, crude protein.