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. 2025 Sep 18;2025:6065721. doi: 10.1155/ije/6065721

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Copyright © 2025 Changxu Zhou et al. International Journal of Endocrinology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Lipid changes after intervention. (a) Lipid molecules change before and after intervention. TG: triacylglycerol, DAG: diacylglycerol, CE: cholesteryl ester, Cho: free cholesterol, FFA: free fatty acid, PC: phosphatidylcholine, PE: phosphatidylethanolamine, PS: phosphatidylserine, PI: phosphatidylinositol, BMP: bis (monoacylglycerol) phosphate, PG: phosphatidylglycerol, PA: phosphatidic acid, LPC: lysophosphatidylcholine, LPE: lysophosphatidylethanolamine, LPI: lysophosphatidylinositol, LPA: lysophosphatidic acid, LPS: lysophosphatidylserine, SM: sphingomyelin, Cer: ceramide, GluCer: glucosylceramide, LacCer: lactosylceramide, GM3: monosialodihexosylganglioside, GB3: trihexosylceramide, S1P: sphingosine-1-phosphate, and Sph: sphingosine. (b) Changes of serum FFAs before and after intervention. FFA: free fatty acid. (c) Changes of SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs before and after the intervention. FFA: free fatty acid, SFA: saturated fatty acid, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid, and PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid. (d) TG changes with different chain lengths. TGs: triglycerides. ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, and ^∗∗∗p < 0.001.