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. 2025 Sep 18;2025:7840384. doi: 10.1155/ijod/7840384

Table 3.

Bivariate and multiple logistic regression.

Variables COR 95% (CI) p-Value AOR 95% (CI) p-Value
Sex
 Male (1) Ref — — — — —
 Female 1.10 0.91–1.32 0.328 — — —
Age group
 Under 45 (1) Ref — — (1) Ref — —
 Above 45 0.49 0.36–0.68 0.000 0.65 0.45–0.94 0.02
Education level
 Illiterate (1) Ref — — (1) Ref — —
 Secondary school 2.07 1.44–2.98 0.000 1.79 1.19–2.68 <0.001
 High school 3.27 2.43–4.41 0.000 2.88 2.05–4.05 <0.001
 Higher education 3.65 2.64–5.04 0.000 3.01 2.10–4.29 <0.001
Wealth status
 Poor (1) Ref — — (1) Ref — —
 Middle 1.47 1.11–1.98 0.008 1.23 0.88–1.72 0.214
 Good 2.70 1.95–3.74 0.000 2.29 1.58–3.31 <0.001
Beverage consumption
 No (1) Ref — — — — —
 Sometimes 0.99 0.78–1.25 0.941 — — —
 Usually 1.78 1.32–2.04 0.000 — — —
Sweet and candy consumption
 No (1) Ref — — — — —
 Sometimes 0.83 0.64–0.108 0.183 — — —
 Usually 0.92 0.69–1.22 0.582 — — —
Citric fruits and food
 No (1) Ref — — — — —
 Sometimes 1.02 0.80–1.30 0.834 — — —
 Usually 1.37 1.04–1.80 0.024 — — —
Snack
 No (1) Ref — — (1) Ref — —
 Sometimes 1.61 1.31–1.97 0.000 1.34 1.08–1.67 0.007
 Usually 1.97 1.51–2.57 0.000 1.66 1.24–2.21 <0.001
Continuous medication use
 No (1) Ref — — (1) Ref — —
 Yes 1.70 1.32–2.18 0.000 2.14 1.61–2.83 <0.001

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; COR, crude odds ratio.