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. 2025 Sep 12;16:1616826. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1616826

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Copyright © 2025 Luo, Li, Du and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar charts A, B, C, and D compare the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) measured in dollars per quality-adjusted life year ($/QALY) for various factors. Each chart lists factors such as utility of PFS, patient weight, cost of ramucirumab, and risks of neutropenia. The expected value (EV) is displayed: 373,219.84 for A, 266,259.94 for B, 1,193,220.74 for C, and 835,740.90 for D. Bars are color-coded, with blue and orange representing different groups or factors. — Tornado diagram of one-way sensitivity analysis of switch maintenance group versus control group. (A) Overall population from Chinese perspective, (B) PD-L1 CPS ⩾5 population from Chinese perspective, (C) Overall population from United States perspective, (D) PD-L1 CPS ⩾5 population from United States perspective. ICER, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; PD, progressive disease; PFS, Progression-free survival.