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. 2025 Sep 12;15:1643239. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1643239

Table 2.

Features of bronchoscopic intervention in TACC patients.

Procedural characteristics Results
Number of interventional procedures 500
Anesthesia methods (n = 500)
 General anesthesia 253 (50.60%)
 Local anesthesia 247 (49.40%)
Respiratory support modalities (n = 500)
 Jet ventilation via rigid bronchoscopy 39 (7. 80%)
 Endotracheal intubation 29 (5.80%)
 laryngeal mask 166 (33.20%)
 Mask 4 (0.80%)
 Nasal cannula 265 (53.00%)
mMRC score (n = 52)
 2 2 (3.85%)
 3 17 (32.69%)
 4 33 (63.46%)
Stenosis location (n = 52)
 Upper trachea 12 (23.08%)
 Mid trachea 19 (36.54%)
 Lower trachea 17 (32.69%)
 Left main bronchus 5 (9.62%)
 Right main bronchus 5 (9.62%)
Stenosis length (cm) (n = 52) 3.80 ± 2.21
Stenosis type (n = 52)
 Intraluminal 31 (59.62%)
 Mixed 21 (40.38%)
Stenosis degree% (CT) (n = 49) 77.18 ± 14.95
Freitag grade (n = 49)
 II 2 (4.08%)
 III 17 (34.69%)
 IV 21 (42.86%)
 V 9 (18.37%)
Bronchoscopic interventional modalities (n = 52)
 Stent implantation 22 (42.31%)
 Balloon dilation 12 (23.08%)
 Thermal ablation (electrocautery, laser or APC) 47 (90.38%)
 Cryoablation 38 (73.08%)