Table 6.

The results of DIF analysis based on lasso coefficients in the GPCMlasso model for variables in the CARS.

Item	Content	Gender	Age Group			Symptom
			Kindergarten	Primary	Junior high	Non-autism	Severe autism
1	Relating to people	0.096	0.554	0.454	0.127	−1.44	0.429
2	Imitation	0.05	1.325	1.303	0.235	−1.178	−0.058
3	Emotional response	0.1	−0.278	−0.475	−0.186	−1.024	0.023
4	Body use	0	−0.169	−0.346	−0.283	−0.906	−0.943
5	Object use	−0.241	0.378	0.012	0	−0.38	−0.33
6	Adaptation to environment change	0	−1.384	0	−0.115	3.848	−0.671
7	Visual response	0.117	−0.205	−0.202	0.054	−1.176	0
8	Listening response	0.087	0.764	0.687	0.196	−1.508	0.306
9	Taste, smell, touch response and use	0.149	−0.303	−0.717	−0.456	0	−2.37
10	Fear or nervousness	1.116	−2.103	−2.376	−2.358	4.946	−5.553
11	Verbal communication	0.092	2.091	1.822	0.417	−1.128	−0.056
12	Nonverbal communication	0.142	1.084	0.911	0.216	−1.286	0.065
13	Activity level	−2.727	−2.218	−1.477	0	3.124	−1.049
14	Level and consistency of intellectual response	−0.702	−1.687	0	0	0.743	3.12
15	General impression	0	0.123	−0.097	0.175	−1.341	−0.068