Table 2.
Outlines the mechanisms of action and effects of various compounds and pharmaceuticals on the AhR/IL-22 pathway.
| Name | Mechanism | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chitooligosaccharides | Restores the AHR-IL-22 pathway to normal, and promotes MUC2 expression | Alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice | (94) |
| Akkermansia muciniphila | Regulates Trp metabolism, activates AhR signaling and upregulates AhR target genes, such as IL-22 | Reduces colon inflammation | (91) |
| Atorvastatin | Regulates intestinal flora imbalance, enhances microbial tryptophan metabolism, and increases AhR and IL-22 expression. | Alleviates UC | (88) |
| Dietary tryptophan supplementation | Activates the AhR-mediated IL-22/Stat3 pathway | Amelioration of DSS-induced colitis | (86) |
| Fructo-oligosaccharides | Regulates microbial tryptophan metabolism promotes the production of IAA and IPA, thereby triggering AhR/IL-22 axis activation | Reduces symptoms of DSS-induced colitis | (45) |
| Portulaca oleracea L-derived exosome-like nanoparticles | Increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri and raising the levels of indole derivatives leads to the activation of AhR in conventional CD4+ T cells and increases IL-22 levels. | Reduces UC in mice | (87) |
| Lactiplantibacillus plantarum D266 | Shaping the gut microbiota and Trp metabolism leads to activation of AhR and subsequent enhancement of IL-22 production | Improvement of IBS symptoms | (124) |
| Baicalein | Upregulates CYP1A1 expression and promotes IL-22 production in ILC3 through activation of AhR | Ameliorates symptoms and intestinal barrier function in UC mice | (85) |
| Coptis chinensis polysaccharides and Berberine |
Boosts SCFA-producing bacteria, raising SCFA levels and activating the AhR/IL-22 pathway | Improvement of symptoms in UC mice | (89) |
| L-Fucose | Stimulation of IL-22 secretion by CD4+ T cells in mouse splenocytes and ILC3 cells in LPMCs through activation of the nuclear AHR | Improvement of symptoms in UC mice | (48) |
| Fucoidan | Decreases UC-induced AhR and IL-22 expression | Treats with UC induced in rats | (90) |
| 6-formylindolo [3,2-b]carbazole | AHR physiological activator, FICZ/AHR/CYP1A1 feedback regulation, stimulates IL-22 expression by a variety of different immune cells (including ILC3) | Enhances the reinforcement of the intestinal epithelial barrier and aids in tissue repair, supporting intestinal balance. | (62) |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | Promotes ILC3 activation and IL-22 production through AhR interaction with ILC3s | Prevention of virus enteric infections | (13) |
| Hymenolepis nana antigens | Enhances ISCs growth and development via the AhR/IL-22 pathway. | Alleviating symptoms in UC mice | (96) |
| Ganoderic acid A | Regulation of intestinal flora and enhancement of AhR activity to promote IL-22 production | Improvement of inflammatory bowel disease | (115) |
| Infliximab | Promotes IL-22+CD4+ T (Th22) cell differentiation in CD patients through AhR | improves CD symptoms | (113) |
| Dried ginger essential oil | Regulation of intestinal microbiota and tryptophan metabolite IAA-AHR/IL-22/STAT3 signaling axis | Alleviating 5-Fluorouracil-induced damage to the intestinal epithelial barrier in mice with mucositis | (12) |
| Lactobacillus paracaseiL21 | Activates the HIF1α/AhR pathway, increases IL-22 and mucins MUC2 to restore the goblet cell population | Alleviates DSS-induced colitis | (92) |
| Quercetin | Increases IPA levels to activate the AhR/IL-22 pathway | Reduces obesity and chronic intestinal inflammation | (132) |
| Lactiplantibacillus plantarum producing high levels of indole-3-lactic acid | Activates AHR signaling in the intestine by metabolizing tryptophan, activating downstream AHR signaling (such as CYP1A1, IL-22, and STAT3) to alleviate colitis | Alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mouse models | (93) |