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. 2025 Sep 25;15:32865. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-18241-1

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Analysis of renal differential metabolites and metabolic pathways. (A) Volcano plot of differential metabolites for the Model vs. Normal group. (B) Volcano plot of differential metabolites for the AS vs. Model group. Red represents upregulated metabolites, and blue represents downregulated metabolites. (C-D) Cluster analysis diagram of differential metabolites of the Model vs. Normal group and AS vs. Model group. The greater the intensity of the red color, the higher the expression, and the greater the intensity of the blue color, the lower the expression. (E-F) Enrichment bubble map of differential metabolites of the Model vs. Normal group and AS vs. Model group. The redder the color is, the smaller the P value, and the larger the circle is, the larger the impact factor.