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. 2025 Sep 25;15:32865. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-18241-1

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — Astragalus membranaceus and Salvia miltiorrhiza (AS) target metabolites and target mRNAs enrichment pathway and related validation (A) Target metabolites of AS in the three intersection pathways. (B) Bubble map of eight metabolic pathways enriched for target metabolites. The pathways annotated with red boxes are the same as those in Fig. 4 for target mRNAs metabolism. (C) Target mRNAs of AS in the three intersection pathways. (D-J) ROC curve analysis of seven target metabolites for AS vs. Model group. (K-N) The mRNA expression of Pla2g12a, Angptl4, Baat, and Pla2g2a by RT‒qPCR analysis (n = 3). Compared with the Normal group, ^# p < 0.05, ^#### p < 0.001, ^#### p < 0.0001. Compared with the Model group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.