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. 2025 Sep 12;8:1637842. doi: 10.3389/frai.2025.1637842

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Copyright © 2025 Wang, Wang and Yin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Block diagram of the YOLOv10 network, divided into backbone, neck, and head. The backbone stack shows layers such as Conv, C2f, SCDown, C2f/CIB, SPPF, and PSA arranged from shallow to deep. The neck connects multi-scale features using Concat and Upsample operators. The head splits into two branches labeled “One-to-one Head” and “One-to-many Head,” indicating different assignment strategies. Arrows convey the feature flow across scales. Modules are grouped by region, with consistent labels and panel boundaries to emphasize the three-part structure. — YOLOv10.