Table 3.
Categories of intervention
| Macro-category | Meso-category | List of categories of interventions |
|---|---|---|
| Individualised neonatal health care (promoting newborn and development) | Kangaroo mother care | Skin-to-skin as early and as long as possible |
|
|
Early and exclusive breastfeeding |
|
| Sensory adaptation | Modification of external stimuli |
|
| Detailed observation of infant behaviour |
||
| Supportive positioning, gentle handing, massage |
||
| Tactile interventions |
||
| Vestibular interventions |
||
| Olfactory and gustatory interventions |
||
| Auditory interventions (including maternal voice) |
||
| Kinaesthetic interventions |
||
| Visual interventions |
||
|
|
Skin Care |
|
| Pain management | Pain, sedation and withdrawal assessment, prevention and management, including procedural sedation |
|
| Sleep protection | Individualised sleep strategies |
|
|
|
Cycled lights to support nocturnal sleep and facilitate development of circadian rhythm |
|
|
|
Nutrition |
Individualised nutrition strategies |
| Organisation of care, human resources, and policies | Organisation of care and human resources | Prenatal consultations |
| Integrated maternal and newborn care |
||
| Interdisciplinary management teams and care practices |
||
| Individualised nursing care activities |
||
| Availability of mental health professionals, care strategies and policies |
||
| Availability of specialised nurses in N&FCC and case managers |
||
| Availability of lactation consultants |
||
| Palliative and bereavement care |
||
| Quality Improvement practices |
||
| Partnering with families in policies development |
||
| Strengthening referral system and follow-up care |
||
|
|
Community sensitisation and engagement |
|
| Policies, guidelines and protocols | Discharge planning and post-discharge management (including early discharge) |
|
| Establishment of guiding principles, standards of care, operating procedures and process description |
||
|
|
|
Policies for rooming-in and 24 hour access for parents |
| Physical resources | Environment improvement/redesign | Environmental changes focused on the infant |
|
|
Facilities specifically for families |
|
|
|
Facilities specifically for staff |
|
| Equipment | Equipment adaptation for both newborn and mother/caregivers |
|
|
|
|
Equipment for staff |
| Health professionals’ capacity strengthening and support | Capacity strengthening | Structured educational programmes, including peer-to-peer education |
|
|
On-site capacity strengthening (e.g. mentorship, supportive supervision) |
|
|
|
Support |
Structured programmes (e.g. for emotional support) |
| Family empowerment and support | Empowerment | Introduction to unit, staff, policies, patterns and routing |
| Parental engagement as primary caregivers |
||
| Competency programmes |
||
| Peer-to-peer |
||
|
|
Parent-friendly information material |
|
| Support | Mental health support |
|
| Structured family support |
||
| Respectful communication |
||
| Social Worker support |
||
| Financial support |
||
| Post-discharge support from health visitor |
||
| Community support and support groups |