Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics by Walk Score and Area Deprivation Index for All Participants
| Walk Score: All Participants (N = 756) |
Least Walkable Areas (Q1) (n = 173) |
More Walkable Areas (Q2-Q4) (n = 583) |
P Valuea | ADI: All Participants (N = 750) |
Most Deprived Areas (Q4) (n = 191) |
Less Deprived Areas (Q1-Q3) (n = 559) |
P Valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 425 (56.2%) | 109 (63.0%) | 316 (54.2%) | 0.04b | 422 (56.3%) | 95 (49.7%) | 327 (58.5%) | 0.04b |
| Female | 331 (43.8%) | 64 (37.0%) | 267 (45.8%) | 328 (43.7%) | 96 (50.3%) | 232 (41.5%) | ||
| Race | ||||||||
| White | 551 (72.9%) | 163 (94.2%) | 388 (66.6%) | <0.001b | 546 (72.8%) | 69 (36.1%) | 477 (85.3%) | <0.001b |
| Black | 189 (25.0%) | 8 (4.6%) | 181 (31.0%) | 188 (25.1%) | 116 (60.7%) | 72 (12.9%) | ||
| Other/refused | 16 (2.1%) | 2 (1.2%) | 14 (2.4%) | 16 (2.1%) | 6 (3.1%) | 10 (1.8%) | ||
| Age | ||||||||
| ≤65 y | 411 (54.4%) | 84 (48.6%) | 327 (56.1%) | 0.08 | 409 (54.5%) | 130 (68.1%) | 279 (49.9%) | <0.001b |
| >65 y | 345 (45.6%) | 89 (51.4%) | 256 (43.9%) | 341 (45.5%) | 61 (31.9%) | 280 (50.1%) | ||
| NYHA functional class | ||||||||
| II | 286 (37.8%) | 61 (35.3%) | 225 (38.6%) | 0.29 | 286 (38.1%) | 72 (37.7%) | 214 (38.3%) | 0.43 |
| III | 392 (51.9%) | 98 (56.6%) | 294 (50.4%) | 388 (51.7%) | 95 (49.7%) | 293 (52.4%) | ||
| IV | 78 (10.3%) | 14 (8.1%) | 64 (11.0%) | 76 (10.1%) | 24 (12.6%) | 52 (9.3%) | ||
| Education | ||||||||
| ≤High school | 355 (47.0%) | 79 (45.7%) | 276 (47.3%) | 0.70 | 351 (46.8%) | 92 (48.2%) | 259 (46.3%) | 0.66 |
| >High school | 401 (53.0%) | 94 (54.3%) | 307 (52.7%) | 399 (53.2%) | 99 (51.8%) | 300 (53.7%) | ||
| Married | ||||||||
| Single | 172 (22.8%) | 28 (16.2%) | 144 (24.7%) | <0.001b | 171 (22.8%) | 76 (39.8%) | 95 (17.0%) | <0.001b |
| Married | 318 (42.1%) | 103 (59.5%) | 215 (36.9%) | 314 (41.9%) | 38 (19.9%) | 276 (49.4%) | ||
| Other | 266 (35.2%) | 42 (24.3%) | 224 (38.4%) | 265 (35.3%) | 77 (40.3%) | 188 (33.6%) | ||
| PHQ-9 | 12.0 ± 5.7 | 11.6 ± 5.8 | 12.1 ± 5.6 | 0.33 | 12.0 ± 5.7 | 12.0 ± 5.9 | 12.0 ± 5.6 | 0.95 |
| SF-12 PCS | 30.9 ± 10.5 | 30.6 ± 10.3 | 30.9 ± 10.6 | 0.72 | 30.9 ± 10.5 | 30.9 ± 10.6 | 30.8 ± 10.5 | 0.93 |
| SF-12 MCS | 43.5 ± 12.7 | 44.3 ± 13.3 | 43.3 ± 12.6 | 0.34 | 43.5 ± 12.8 | 43.2 ± 13.2 | 43.6 ± 12.7 | 0.69 |
| KCCQ-12 | 46.6 ± 23.8 | 48.3 ± 24.1 | 46.1 ± 23.8 | 0.30 | 46.7 ± 23.9 | 45.2 ± 24.2 | 47.2 ± 23.8 | 0.32 |
| Hypertension | 648 (85.8%) | 147 (85.0%) | 501 (86.1%) | 0.71 | 643 (85.8%) | 169 (88.5%) | 474 (84.9%) | 0.23 |
| SBP | 133.9 ± 88.5 | 134.9 ± 110.9 | 133.6 ± 81.7 | 0.88 | 134.0 ± 88.7 | 128.5 ± 20.6 | 136.0 ± 103.0 | 0.36 |
| DBP | 81.5 ± 92.8 | 84.4 ± 116.9 | 80.8 ± 85.4 | 0.70 | 81.6 ± 93.0 | 74.1 ± 17.2 | 84.3 ± 108.2 | 0.23 |
| Diabetes | 388 (51.4%) | 81 (46.8%) | 307 (52.7%) | 0.17 | 385 (51.4%) | 95 (49.7%) | 290 (52.0%) | 0.60 |
| Ejection fraction | 28.3 ± 9.1 | 28.7 ± 8.7 | 28.1 ± 9.3 | 0.51 | 28.3 ± 9.1 | 27.9 ± 9.9 | 28.4 ± 8.8 | 0.51 |
| Tobacco use | ||||||||
| No | 252 (33.4%) | 59 (34.1%) | 193 (33.2%) | 0.81 | 249 (33.2%) | 64 (33.5%) | 185 (33.2%) | 0.003b |
| Quit >1 y | 294 (38.9%) | 71 (41.0%) | 223 (38.3%) | 292 (39.0%) | 62 (32.5%) | 230 (41.2%) | ||
| Quit <1 y | 115 (15.2%) | 23 (13.3%) | 92 (15.8%) | 114 (15.2%) | 27 (14.1%) | 87 (15.6%) | ||
| Current | 94 (12.5%) | 20 (11.6%) | 74 (12.7%) | 94 (12.6%) | 38 (19.9%) | 56 (10.0%) |
Values are n (%) or mean ± SD.
ADI = Area Deprivation Index; KCCQ = Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; MCS-12 = Mental Component of 12-Item Short Form Survey; PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire; SBP = systolic blood pressure; SF-12 = Physical Component of 12-item Short Form Survey.
a
Pearson's chi-square test or t-test.
b
Significant result with P value < 0.05.