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. 2025 Sep 10;16:1645087. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1645087

Table 5.

Presence of student counseling centers in institutions with different legal status in each European geographical area.

Geographical area Students psychological centers χ2 df p
Not reported Reported
n [expected] Row % n [expected] Row %
Northern Europe Dimension Small 152 [110.81] 42.11 209 [250.19] 57.89 22.09 1 <0.001
Medium 5 [31.62] 4.85 98 [71.38] 95.15 32.34 1 <0.001
Large 1 [15.96] 1.92 51 [36.04] 98.08 20.23 1 <0.001
Very large 1 [0.61] 50.00 1 [1.39] 50.00 0.36 1 0.549
Tot 159 30.69 359 69.31
χ2 = 75.01, df = 3, p < 0.001
Eastern Europe Dimension Small 255 [238.12] 66.93 126 [142.88] 33.07 3.19 1 0.074
Medium 18 [25.63] 43.90 23 [15.37] 56.10 6.06 1 0.014
Large 7 [15.00] 29.17 17 [9.00] 70.83 11.38 1 0.001
Very large 0 [1.25] 0.00 2 [.75] 100.00 3.33 1 0.068
Tot 280 62.50 168 37.50
χ2 = 23.95, df = 3, p < 0.001
Western Europe Dimension Small 204 [160.47] 38.64 324 [367.53] 61.36 16.96 1 <0.001
Medium 5 [26.44] 5.75 82 [60.56] 94.25 24.98 1 <0.001
Large 8 [24.92] 9.75 74 [57.08] 90.24 16.50 1 <0.001
Very large 0 [5.17] 0.00 17 [11.83] 100.00 7.43 1 0.006
Tot 217 30.39 497 69.61
χ2 = 65.87, df = 3, p < 0.001
Southern Europe Dimension Small 274 [224.49] 62.70 163 [212.51] 37.30 22.45 1 <0.001
Medium 11 [34.42] 16.42 56 [32.58] 83.58 32.77 1 <0.001
Large 11 [26.71] 21.15 41 [25.29] 78.85 19.00 1 <0.001
Very large 4 [14.38] 14.29 24 [13.62] 85.71 15.40 1 0.001
Tot 300 51.37 284 48.63
χ2 = 89.64, df = 3, p < 0.001
Middle Eastern Europe Dimension Small 46 [41.92] 46.00 54 [58.08] 54.00 0.68 1 0.408
Medium 14 [12.99] 45.16 17 [18.01] 54.84 0.14 1 0.713
Large 11 [14.67] 31.43 24 [20.33] 68.57 1.58 1 0.209
Very large 12 [13.41] 37.50 20 [18.59] 62.50 0.26 1 0.613
Tot 83 41.92 115 58.08
χ2 = 2.66, df = 3, p = 0.448
All European areas Dimension Small 931 [762.58] 51.52 876 [1,044.42] 48.48 64.36 1 <0.001
Medium 53 [138.84] 16.11 276 [190.16] 83.89 91.82 1 <0.001
Large 38 [103.39] 15.51 207 [141.61] 84.49 71.55 1 <0.001
Very large 17 [34.18] 20.99 64 [46.82] 79.01 14.94 1 <0.001
Tot 1,039 42.20 1,423 57.80
χ2 = 242.68, df = 3, p < 0.001