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. 2025 Sep 10;16:1645087. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1645087

Table 6.

Presence of student counseling services in different institution category in each European geographical area.

Geographical area Students psychological centers χ2 df p
Not reported reported
n [expected] Row % n [expected] Row %
Northern Europe Legal status Public 71 [64.78] 35.32 130 [136.22] 64.68 0.88 1 0.348
Private 91 [44.80] 65.47 48 [94.20] 34.53 70.30 1 <0.001
Private government-dependent 13 [65.42] 6.40 190 [137.58] 93.60 61.98 1 <0.001
Tot 175 32.23 368 67.77
χ2 = 133.18, df = 2, p < 0.001
Eastern Europe Legal status Public 156 [168.18] 53.79 134 [121.82] 46.21 2.10 1 0.147
Private 143 [134.54] 61.64 89 [97.46] 38.36 1.27 1 0.261
Private government-dependent 13 [9.28] 81.25 3 [6.72] 18.75 3.55 1 0.060
Tot 312 57.99 226 42.01
χ2 = 6.92, df = 2, p = 0.031
Western Europe Legal status Public 218 [249.33] 33.85 426 [394.67] 66.15 6.42 1 0.011
Private 112 [78.98] 54.90 92 [125.02] 45.10 22.53 1 <0.001
Private government-dependent 32 [33.68] 36.78 55 [53.32] 63.22 0.14 1 0.712
Tot 362 38.72 573 61.28
χ2 = 29.09, df = 2, p < 0.001
Southern Europe Legal status Public 151 [175.26] 45.07 184 [159.74] 54.93 7.04 1 0.008
Private 157 [129.23] 63.56 90 [117.77] 36.44 12.52 1 <0.001
Private government-dependent 8 [11.51] 36.36 14 [10.49] 63.64 2.25 1 0.134
Tot 316 52.32 288 47.68
χ2 = 21.81, df = 2, p < 0.001
Middle Eastern Europe Legal status Public 61 [50.41] 51.69 57 [67.59] 48.31 3.88 1 0.049
Private 27 [37.59] 30.68 61 [50.41] 69.32 5.21 1 0.023
Tot 88 42.72 118 57.28
χ2 = 9.860, df = 1, p = 0.002
All European areas Legal status Public 657 [704.09] 41.37 931 [883.91] 58.63 5.66 1 0.017
Private 530 [403.48] 58.24 380 [506.52] 41.76 71.28 1 <0.001
Private government-dependent 66 [145.43] 20.12 262 [182.57] 79.88 77.94 1 <0.001
Tot 1,253 44.34 1,573 55.66
χ2 = 154.88, df = 2, p < 0.001