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. 2025 Sep 10;16:1645087. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1645087

Table 7.

Effect estimates of independent variables on the availability of student counseling centers.

Geographical area Students psychological centers χ2 df p
Not reported Reported
n [expected] Row % n [expected] Row %
Northern Europe Institution category University 21 [74.50] 9.05 211 [157.50] 90.95 56.59 1 <0.001
University of applied sciences 54 [40.46] 42.86 72 [85.54] 57.14 6.67 1 0.010
Other 100 [60.05] 53.48 87 [126.95] 46.52 39.15 1 <0.001
Tot 175 32.11 370 67.89
χ2 = 102.42, df = 2, p < 0.001
Eastern Europe Institution category University 146 [177.70] 47.71 160 [128.30] 52.29 13.49 1 <0.001
University of applied sciences 8 [8.71] 53.33 7 [6.29] 46.67 0.14 1 0.710
Other 159 [126.59] 72.94 59 [91.41] 27.06 19.79 1 <0.001
Tot 313 58.07 226 41.93
χ2 = 33.41, df = 2, p < 0.001
Western Europe Institution category University 210 [174.75] 46.56 241 [276.25] 53.44 11.61 1 0.001
University of applied sciences 83 [138.72] 23.18 275 [219.28] 76.82 36.54 1 <0.001
Other 72 [51.53] 54.14 61 [81.47] 45.86 13.28 1 <0.001
Tot 365 38.75 577 61.25
χ2 = 61.41, df = 2, p < 0.001
Southern Europe Institution category University 191 [217.84] 45.80 226 [199.16] 54.20 6.92 1 0.009
University of applied sciences 58 [49.63] 61.05 37 [45.37] 38.95 2.96 1 0.086
Other 66 [47.54] 72.53 25 [43.46] 27.47 15.01 1 <0.001
Tot 315 52.24 288 47.76
χ2 = 24.89, df = 2, p < 0.001
Middle Eastern Europe Institution category University 72 [76.47] 40.22 107 [102.53] 59.78 0.46 1 0.499
University of applied sciences 6 [6.41] 40.00 9 [8.59] 60.00 0.05 1 0.831
Other 10 [5.13] 83.33 2 [6.87] 16.67 8.08 1 0.005
Tot 88 42.72 118 57.28
χ2 = 8.59, df = 1, p = 0.014
All European areas Institution category University 640 [702.21] 40.38 945 [882.79] 59.62 9.90 1 0.002
University of applied sciences 209 [269.81] 34.32 400 [339.19] 65.68 24.61 1 <0.001
Other 407 [283.98] 63.49 234 [357.02] 36.51 95.68 1 <0.001
Tot 1,256 44.30 1,579 55.70
χ2 = 130.17, df = 2, p < 0.001