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. 2025 Aug 22;14(9):1036. doi: 10.3390/antiox14091036
ADI Acceptable daily intake
ADME Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
AMPA Aminomethylphosphonic acid
BAD Associated agonist of cell death
BAX Pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 associated X-protein
Bcl-2 Protein B cell lymphoma 2
BTB Blood–testis barrier
BW Body weight
CAT Catalase
CYP11A1 Cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1
CYP17A1 Cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1
DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide
EDC Endocrine-disrupting chemical
EFSA European Food Safety Authority
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
eIF2α Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 alpha
EPSPS 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase
ER-α Estrogen receptor alpha
FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone
G6PD Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
GBH Glyphosate-based herbicide
γGT Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase
GnRH Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
GPx Glutathione Peroxidase
GR Glutathione Reductase
GSH Reduced Glutathione
GST Glutathione S-Transferase
HK-2 Human renal proximal tubule cell line
LC Leydig cells
LH Luteinizing hormone
LOH Late-onset hypogonadism
MPT Mitochondrial permeability transition
NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate
NOX1 NADPH oxidase 1
NR1D1 Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group D Member 1
Nrf2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
PBS Phosphate buffered saline
PERK PKR-like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase
POEA Polyethoxylated alkylamines
ROS Reactive oxygen species
SC Sertoli cells
SSCs Spermatogonial stem cells
SOD Superoxide Dismutase
StAR Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory protein
VDCC Voltage-dependent calcium channels