Skip to main content
. 2025 Aug 28;14(9):1057. doi: 10.3390/antiox14091057
6-OHDA 6-hydroxydopamine
ATRA all-trans retinoic acid
CX3CR1 fractalkine receptor
DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
FBS fetal bovine serum
FI fluorescence intensity
GPx glutathione peroxidase
GSH glutathione
H2O2 hydrogen peroxide
HO• hydroxyl radical
HOO• hydroperoxyl
HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
IL interleukin
MAO-B monoamine oxidase B
MDA malondialdehyde
MDR multiple-drug-resistance
MS mass spectrometry
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
O2•− superoxide anion
P/S penicillin/streptomycin
PBS phosphate-buffered saline
PD Parkinson’s disease
ROS reactive oxygen species
SOD superoxide dismutase
TAC total antioxidant capacity
TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha