ACPA	Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody
ACR	American College of Rheumatology
ADAb	Anti-drug antibody
AGO	Argonaute
AXL	AXL receptor tyrosine kinase
bDMARD	Biological DMARD
CAR	Chimeric antigen receptor
CFA	Complete Freund’s adjuvant
CIA	Collagen-induced arthritis
Col-Treg	Collagen type II-specific Tr1 cell
CRP	C reactive protein
csDMARD	Conventional synthetic DMARD
CTLA-4	Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4
CXCL	CXC motif chemokine ligand
DAS	Disease activity score
DC	Dendritic cell
DGCR8	DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8
DMARD EMA	Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug European Medicines Agency
ESR	Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
EULAR	European League Against Rheumatism
FCGR3A FDA	Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIIa Food and Drug Administration
FLS	Fibroblast-like synoviocyte
FoxP3	Forkhead box P3
GPI	Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
ICOS	Inducible T-cell costimulator
ICOSL	Inducible T-cell costimulatory ligand
IFITM3	IFN-induced transmembrane 3
IFN	Interferon
Ig	Immunoglobulin
IL	Interleukin
IL-6R	Interleukin-6 receptor
irAEs	Immune-related adverse events
JAK	Janus kinase
JIA JNJ	Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Johnson & Johnson
LAG-3	Lymphocyte-activation gene 3
miRNA miRNA*	microRNA Passenger strand
MMP	Matrix metalloproteinase
MRI	Magnetic resonance imaging
MSC	Mesenchymal stromal cell
MSC-sEV	MSC-derived small extracellular vesicle
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
NK	Natural killer cell
ORAL Surveillance	Safety study of tofacitinib versus tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis
PBMC	Peripheral blood mononuclear cell
PD-1	Programmed death-1
PD-L1	Programmed death-ligand 1
Pre-miRNA	Precursor miRNA
Pri-miRNA	Primary miRNA
RA	Rheumatoid arthritis
RASF	Rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast
RF	Rheumatoid factor
RISC	RNA-induced silencing complex
RORγT	Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma t
scRNA-seq	Single-cell RNA sequencing
SPP1	Secreted phosphoprotein 1
Tfh	Follicular helper T cell
TGF	Transforming growth factor
Th	T helper cell
TIGIT	T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains
TIM	T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein
TLR	Toll-like receptor
TNF-α	Tumour necrosis factor alpha
TolDC	Tolerogenic dendritic cell
TRBP	Transactivation RNA-binding protein
Treg	Regulatory T cell
tsDMARD	Targeted synthetic DMARD