| CI | Confidence interval |
| GA | Gestational age |
| ICC | Intraclass correlation coefficient |
| IQR | Interquartile range |
| IN | Intranasal |
| NICU | Neonatal intensive care unit |
| PICC | Peripherally inserted central catheter |
| PIPP-R | Premature infant pain profile-revised |
| RCT | Randomized controlled trial |
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