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. 2025 Sep 1;47(9):709. doi: 10.3390/cimb47090709
DM Diabet Mellitus
T1DM Type one Diabet Mellitus
T2DM Type two Diabet Mellitus
OS Oxidative Stress
ROS Reactive Oxygen Species
RNS Reactive Azote Species
LP Lipid peroxidation
PG Protein glycosylation
TZD Thiazolidinedione
DPP-4 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor
SGLT-2 Sodium-Glucose Transport Protein 2 Inhibitors
GLP-1 Glucagon-like peptide-1
AGEs Advanced glycation end products
PKC Protein kinase C
MDA Malondialdehyde
GSH/GSSG Glutathione peroxidase
SOD Superoxide dismutase
CAT Catalase
NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase
SU Sulfonylurea
HgA1c Glycosylated hemoglobin
SUR Sulfonylurea receptor
OGTT Oral glucose tolerance test
ITT Insulin tolerance test
DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
FRAP Ferric reducing antioxidant power
ORAC Oxygen radical absorbance capacity
ABTS 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)
TPAC Total plasma antioxidant capacity
LDL Low-density lipoprotein
HDL High-density lipoprotein
NO Nitric oxide
FBG Fasting blood glucose
PPG Postprandial blood glucose
GPx Glutathione peroxidase
ATP Adenosine Triphosphate
IRS-1 Insulin Receptor Substrate-1
ER Endoplasmic Reticulum
NF-kB kappa B Nuclear Factor
UPR Unfolded Protein Response