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. 2025 Sep 2;11(9):698. doi: 10.3390/gels11090698
AA Ascorbic acid
ACAN Aggrecan
ANOVA Analysis of variance
BMP Bone morphogenetic protein
cDNA Complementary DNA
COL10A1 Collagen type X alpha 1 chain
COL1A1 Collagen type I alpha 1 chain
COL2A1 Collagen type II alpha 1 chain
ddH2O Double-distilled water
DMEM Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
EBB Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting
FBS Fetal bovine serum
GDF-5 Growth differentiation factor 5
GelMA Gelatin methacryloyl
GelMA-AEMA Gelatin methacryloyl-aminoethyl-methacrylate
hbFGF Human basic fibroblast growth factor
hESC Human embryonic stem cells
hPDC Human periosteum-derived cells
HPRT1 Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase 1
HRP Horseradish peroxidase
iPSC Induced-pluripotent stem cell
LAP Lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate
LVR Linear viscoelastic regime
mRNA Messenger RNA
PBS Phosphate buffered saline
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
RH Relative humidity
RNA Ribonucleic acid
RUNX2 Run-related transcription factor 2
SNL STO-neo-leukemia
SOX9 Sex determining region Y—box 9
TE Tissue engineering
TGF-β1 Transforming growth factor beta 1
UV Ultraviolet light