| AA | Ascorbic acid |
| ACAN | Aggrecan |
| ANOVA | Analysis of variance |
| BMP | Bone morphogenetic protein |
| cDNA | Complementary DNA |
| COL10A1 | Collagen type X alpha 1 chain |
| COL1A1 | Collagen type I alpha 1 chain |
| COL2A1 | Collagen type II alpha 1 chain |
| ddH2O | Double-distilled water |
| DMEM | Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| EBB | Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting |
| FBS | Fetal bovine serum |
| GDF-5 | Growth differentiation factor 5 |
| GelMA | Gelatin methacryloyl |
| GelMA-AEMA | Gelatin methacryloyl-aminoethyl-methacrylate |
| hbFGF | Human basic fibroblast growth factor |
| hESC | Human embryonic stem cells |
| hPDC | Human periosteum-derived cells |
| HPRT1 | Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase 1 |
| HRP | Horseradish peroxidase |
| iPSC | Induced-pluripotent stem cell |
| LAP | Lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate |
| LVR | Linear viscoelastic regime |
| mRNA | Messenger RNA |
| PBS | Phosphate buffered saline |
| PTFE | Polytetrafluoroethylene |
| RH | Relative humidity |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid |
| RUNX2 | Run-related transcription factor 2 |
| SNL | STO-neo-leukemia |
| SOX9 | Sex determining region Y—box 9 |
| TE | Tissue engineering |
| TGF-β1 | Transforming growth factor beta 1 |
| UV | Ultraviolet light |