Table 9.
Neuroprotective role of phytochemicals in cognitive decline and dementia.
| Phytochemicals | Sources | Mechanisms of Action | Relevance to Cognitive Aging | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resveratrol | Grapes, red wine | Activation of SIRT1, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory | Enhances neuronal survival, delays neurodegeneration, supports cognitive resilience | [271,272] |
| Curcumin | Turmeric | Inhibition of NF-κB, antioxidant, modulation of amyloid plaque formation | Protects against synaptic loss, improves memory and attention | [210,273] |
| EGCG | Green tea | Modulation of mitochondrial function, reduces oxidative stress | Improves cognitive performance and brain metabolism in elderly populations | [274,275] |
| Quercetin | Onions, apples | Scavenges ROS, modulates BDNF, affects epigenetic regulation (e.g., DNA methylation) | Counters neuroinflammation and supports neurogenesis | [276,277] |
| Hesperidin | Citrus fruits | Enhancement of cerebral blood flow, reduction in neuroinflammatory markers | Improves working memory and reduces cognitive fatigue | [278] |
| Anthocyanins | Berries | Modulation of Nrf2 pathway, inhibition of neuronal apoptosis | Delays cognitive decline and supports long-term brain health | [279,280] |