Aβ	Amyloid-β
AChE	Acetylcholinesterase
AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AX	Astaxanthin
BBB	Blood–brain barrier
BD	Bipolar disorder
BDNF	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
CBD	Cannabidiol
CGA	Chlorogenic acid
CNS	Central nervous system
COX-2	Cyclooxygenase-2
CREB	cAMP response element binding protein
DHA	Docosahexaenoic acid
EFAs	Essential fatty acids
EPA	Eicosapentaenoic acid
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
FMT	Fecal microbiota transplantation
Gb	Ginkgo biloba
GBA	Gut–brain axis
GM	Gut microbiome
GPR55	G-protein-coupled receptor 55
5-HT1A	Serotonin 1A receptor
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
KRG	Korean red ginseng
LPS	Lipopolysaccharides
5-LOX	5-lipoxygenase
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MASLD	Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
MDD	Major depressive disorder
NMDA	N-methyl-D-aspartate
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
Nrf2/HO-1	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1
omega-3 PUFAs	Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
omega-6 PUFAs	Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PKA	Protein kinase A
PKB	Protein kinase B
PPAR	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PPD	Protopanaxadiol
PPT	Protopanaxatriol
RCTs	Randomized clinical trials
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SCFAs	Short-chain fatty acids
TDP-43	Trans-active response DNA-binding protein-43
THC	Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor-α
TQ	Thymoquinone
TRPC6	Transient receptor potential C6